What Is Compounding in the English Language

In English grammar, compounding is the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective). Also called composition, it is from the Latin for  put together. Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium). Compounding is the most common type of word-formation in English. Types of Compounds Compounding exists in several different forms and parts of speech, including the following: Compound AdjectiveCompound AdverbCompound NounCompound TenseCompound VerbExocentric CompoundRhyming CompoundRoot Compound and Synthetic CompoundSuspended Compound Examples and Observations Compounds are not limited to two words, as shown by examples such as bathroom towel-rack and community center finance committee. Indeed, the process of compounding seems unlimited in English: starting with a word like sailboat, we can easily construct the compound sailboat rigging, from which we can, in turn, create sailboat rigging design, sailboat rigging design training, sailboat rigging design training institute, and so on.(Adrian Akmajian et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001)Trammell was, Hollenbeck said, just  a loud-mouthed  backslapping small-town handshaker whos got a job much too big for him.†(Loren Ghiglione,  CBSs Don Hollenbeck. Columbia University Press, 2008)Buffy: No actual witches in your witch group?Willow: No. Bunch of wannablessedbes. You know, nowadays every girl with a henna tattoo and a spice rack thinks shes a sister to the dark ones.(Sarah Michelle Gellar and Alyson Hannigan in Hush. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1999) Stress Test Typically a compound begins as a kind of clichà ©, two words that are frequently found together, as are air cargo or light colored. If the association persists, the two words often turn into a compound, sometimes with a meaning that is simply the sum of the parts (light switch), sometimes with some sort of figurative new sense (moonshine). The semantic relationships of the parts can be of all kinds: a window cleaner cleans windows, but a vacuum cleaner does not clean vacuums. We can be sure we have a compound when the primary stress moves forward; normally a modifier will be less heavily stressed than the word it modifies, but in compounds, the first element is always more heavily stressed. (Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993) Distinguishing Features of Compounds [In most compounds] the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the entire word. Thus, greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoonfeed is a verb because feed also belongs to this category, and nationwide is an adjective just as wide is... English orthography is not consistent in representing compounds, which are sometimes written as single words, sometimes with an intervening hyphen, and sometimes as separate words. In terms of pronunciation, however, there is an important generalization to be made. In particular, adjective-noun compounds are characterized by a more prominent stress on their first component... A second distinguishing feature of compounds in English is that tense and plural markers cannot typically be attached to the first element, although they can be added to the compound as a whole. (There are some exceptions, however, such as passers-by and parks supervisor.) (William OGrady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff, and J. Rees-Miller, Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Plurals of Compounds Compounds generally follow the regular rule by adding the regular -s inflection to their last element. . . . The following two compounds are exceptional in taking the inflection on the first element: passer-by/passers-bylistener-in/listeners-in A few compounds ending in -ful usually take the plural inflection on the last element, but have a less common plural with the inflection on the first element: mouthful/mouthfuls or mouthsfulspoonful/spoonfuls or spoonsful Compounds ending in -in-law allow the plural either on the first element or (informally) on the last element: sister-in-law/sisters-in-law or sister-in-laws (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Compounds in the Dictionary Evidently, the definition of what counts as a single dictionary entry is fluid and allows for very wide margins; any attempt at further precision is impossible because of the unlimited potential for compounding and derivation. The OED [Oxford English Dictionary] policy on compounds and derivatives is indicative of how blurred the line between a headword and a compound or a derivative can be: Compounds are frequently collected together in a section or group of sections at or near the end of an entry. They are followed by a quotation paragraph in which examples of each compound are presented in alphabetical order of the compound. Some major compounds are entered as headwords in their own right. . . . Clearly, the size of the dictionary records exceeds by far the vocabulary of an individual speaker. (Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell, English Words. The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon. Blackwell, 2006) Compounding in Shakespeares King Lear Shakespeare seized upon the inherent creative energies of English compounding and transformed them into art. Examples abound throughout his oeuvre, but  King Lear  shines an especially bright spotlight on his combinatorial craft. . . . First, we behold Lear’s compounding rage. He agonizes over one daughter’s sharp-toothed unkindness  and wills the fen-sucked fogs  to foul her. After another daughter also repudiates him, Lear offers his submission to hot-blooded France  and invokes the Thunder-bearer, high-judging Jove. . . . Next, we learn of nature’s compounding wildness. A gentleman reports that a raving Lear is out roving a desolate, storm-struck heath, where he strives in his little world of man to out-scorn/The to-and-fro-conflicting wind and rain  from which even the cub-drawn bear and belly-pinched wolf  seek shelter. Lear is only accompanied by his loyal fool, who labors to out-jest/ His heart-struck injuries. . . . Amid the forceful modifiers of oak-cleaving and all-shaking are the thought-executing vaunt-couriers: lightning bolts. (John Kelly, Forget His Coinages, Shakespeare’s Real Genius Lies in His Noggin-Busting Compounds. Slate, May 16, 2016) The Lighter Side of Compounding My dad didnt read things like Playboy or National Enquirer. He was a science nerd with a crew cut, plastic pocket protectors, and a bow tie, and the only magazines at our house were Scientific American and National Geographic.  I felt more connected to Karens loud, messy, National Enquirer-reading, Twinkie-eating, Coca-Cola-drinking, station wagon-driving, bust-enhancing household than to my polite, organized, National Geographic–reading, bean sprout, and tofu-serving, mind-improving, VW bus-driving household. (Wendy Merrill,  Falling Into Manholes: The Memoir of a Bad/Good Girl. Penguin, 2008)Hey! If any of you are looking for any last-minute gift ideas for me, I have one. Id like Frank Shirley, my boss, right here tonight. I want him brought from his happy holiday slumber over there on Melody Lane with all the other rich people, and I want him brought right here, with a big ribbon on his head, and I want to look him straight in the eye, and I want to tell him what a chea p, lying, no-good, rotten, four-flushing, low-life, snake-licking, dirt-eating, inbred, overstuffed, ignorant, blood-sucking, dog-kissing, brainless, . . . hopeless, heartless, fat-ass, bug-eyed, stiff-legged, spotty-lipped, worm-headed sack of monkey...he is! Hallelujah!... Wheres the Tylenol? (Chevy Chase as Clark Griswold in  National Lampoons Christmas Vacation, 1989)

Should Marijuana Be Legal - 754 Words

I also found the video to be very informational and it gave me a great understanding of how one becomes a marijuana addict. Just as many of the interviewees said, I agree with you that I myself did not have a lot of prior information about marijuana addiction and how the people who do have it are suffering severely. This videos raised my awareness of this problem within our society. I believe having this awareness is important because we all make our own misconceptions and have preconceived notions of certain people and ideas. As you mentioned, I have known people as well who have stated, that they needed to smoke in order to â€Å"function†. I myself did not really believe that was possible from what I learned from health courses in high school and in college. I did not fully understand the dependency and how it affects one’s life until now. Again, as you mentioned, marijuana is widely known as a non-addictive substance, people do not usually take any talks of addictio n seriously. In the documentary David mentioned, how it was difficult for him because he felt like he constantly had to defend the fact that he was addicted, whereas if he would have been addicted to meth or heroin, no one would question him about it (Goldenkranz, 2011). In addition, as I mentioned in my initial post, the text mentioned that marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug (Fisher Harrison, 2013). With this being said it is very foolish to think that people could not have an addiction orShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. 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As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This

No Further Stay Visa-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Read the case Ramos v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 2412 (3 October 2017) which is attached to this assignment. A client approaches you and requests an explanation in the form of a letter of advice (in plain English) as to the reasons of Driver J for his decision and the implications of this case in relation to valid visa applications especially pertaining to an 8503 waiver. The client has a similar factual situation. Answer: To Mr. X Melbourne Australia Sub: condition and exception of no further stay visa Respected Sir/ Madam, In Australia, there are many provisions included under the application for granting visa and certain terms and conditions are applicable on the same with a purpose to make all the related provisions and entry clear and reasonable[1]. Under the Australian Migration Act, there is a provision on the No Further Stay application that restricts an applicant to file another substantive visa application in Australia[2]. The visa conditions include visitor visa, training and research visa and any other visa. However, there is a waiver to this provision has been mentioned under the condition of 8503 that the delegates has the power to waive the visa terms if any of the following grounds have been attracted: If any compelling and compassionate situation has been cropped up; The person should have no control over the situation; The situation can bring huge change in the life of the applicant and th nature of the change should be permanent; The Ministry of Delegate should be satisfied that the newly developed situation is different and can bring permanent change in the applicants life; and The request of waiver should be made in the written form[3]. All the necessary provisions have been discussed in the case of Ramos v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 2412, where the Federal Circuit Court of Australia has correctly interpreted the grounds of 8503 condition and an outline of the request application under this visa condition has been set out by this case. It has been observed in this case that the applicant Ms Ramos has made a request to the delegate to waive her 8503 condition and her request has been cancelled. This case is quite appropriate to understand the terms mentioned in other provisions of the Migration Act that are co-related to the current provision. The prescribed conditions that are useful under this condition are prescribed in the regulation of 2.05(4) and the delegates are empowered to reject any application if those conditions have not been attracted[4]. A close interpretation of the term compelling has also been discussed in this case. It has been observed by the court in this case is that if the visa-holder has been faced any situation that has been cropped up after the visa has been allocated to him and the applicant has no control over the situation, only then the applicant can secure his position for the waiver ground. However, it has been observed that in case of any personal cause, the option for compelling cir cumstances could not be taken into account. In the Ramos case, all the compelling grounds that are shown and mentioned by the applicant are connected to her personal matter. It has been stated by her that she had a relation before and her partner was violent in nature. If her visa will be cancelled and she had to return to Philippines, where from she is actually belongs to, will change her life. There is a provision mentioned in this case that if the applicant can successfully shows the fact that she is unit for the travel or any of his close relative is in critical condition and permanent damage could be caused in his absence, the condition of no further stay can be waived. In her application, Ms Ramos has further been contended that her new partner is ill and she is afraid that in her absence, her partner can face severe attack. However, she has failed to show whether her absence may harm her partner on permanent basis. Therefore, the delegate has rejected the application on the s aid ground. A person under the condition of 8503 can take the plea that he needs a protection visa and he needs to show the grounds based on what he is apprehending that any misfortune can be happened to him[5]. However, the grounds should be reasonable enough to pass an order for the grant of these waive[6]. In this case, Ms Ramos has confessed that her previous partner was sadistic in nature and acted with her violently. She has been contended that he will attack her again if she goes back to Philippines. According to the delegates, these explanations made by Ms Ramos are not reasonable enough and she had failed to meet the criteria mentioned to this effect respectively. Further, these stated grounds could no attract the intervention power of the Ministry of Delegates that has been mentioned under section 351 of Migration Act[7]. Further, according to regulation of 2.05(4), the compelling grounds that have been raised must be cropped up after the visitors visa has been granted. Therefore, it has been suggested in the case that if the applicant has shown any personal ground or if the grounds mentioned by the applicant failed to meet the requirements mentioned in the regulation, waiver could not be granted in that case. It has also been mentioned in the case that the applicant should have no control over the adverse situation that could be cropped up if waiver not granted to him. In this case, Ms Ramos has been stated that her ex-partner is aggressive. However, from this case it could not be stated that she does not have any control on it. She can take effective steps regarding the same. Therefore, this provision has also not been attracted in this case. Therefore, it is advised to you that you should keep in mind that all your grounds are attracted the provisions of the same regulation and you have to rightly interpret the provisions accordingly. Regard References: Australia, Multicultural. "Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs." (2016). Beine, Michel, et al. "Comparing immigration policies: An overview from the IMPALA database."International Migration Review50.4 (2016): 827-863. Clibborn, Stephen. "Why undocumented immigrant workers should have workplace rights."The Economic and Labour Relations Review26.3 (2015): 465-473. Crock, Mary.Immigration and refugee law in Australia. Federation Press, 2018. Dauvergne, Catherine.Making people illegal: What globalization means for migration and law. Cambridge University Press, 2017. Missbach, Antje. "Making a" career" in people-smuggling in Indonesia: protracted transit, restricted mobility and the lack of legal work rights."Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia30.2 (2015): 423-454. Richards, Kelly, and Samantha Lyneham. "Help-seeking strategies of victim/survivors of human trafficking involving partner migration."Trends and issues in Crime and Criminal Justice468 (2014): 1-10. Clibborn, Stephen. "Why undocumented immigrant workers should have workplace rights."The Economic and Labour Relations Review26.3 (2015): 465-473. Crock, Mary.Immigration and refugee law in Australia. Federation Press, 2018. Australia, Multicultural. "Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs." (2016). Dauvergne, Catherine.Making people illegal: What globalization means for migration and law. Cambridge University Press, 2017. Richards, Kelly, and Samantha Lyneham. "Help-seeking strategies of victim/survivors of human trafficking involving partner migration."Trends and issues in Crime and Criminal Justice468 (2014): 1-10. Beine, Michel, et al. "Comparing immigration policies: An overview from the IMPALA database."International Migration Review50.4 (2016): 827-863. Dauvergne, Catherine.Making people illegal: What globalization means for migration and law. Cambridge University Press, 2017.